The Life And Times Of The Typical Roman Legionaire Essays

The Life and Times of the Typical Roman Legionaire The Life and Times of the Typical Roman Legionaire The life of a normal Roman Legionaire was a hard one. The blend of ruthless preparing, order and association, what's more, since quite a while ago constrained walks with numerous pounds of gear all added to this, but since of these, the Roman Legions were a power to be figured with in the old world. The motivation behind this site is to illustrate that however the life of a Legionaire was an intense one, it is a result of this that the Roman Empire was so succesful. This site will portray the difficulties of preparing, order and association, and the walks that added to the hard existence of a legionaire. The fierce preparing of the Roman Legionaire was extreme, however very neccesary so as to make the deadly war machine of the Empire work appropriately. Above all else, to try and become qualified for the military, you must be a 5'8 Roman resident, you could be another nationality be that as it may, you would be named an auxilliary, and you must be in acceptable wellbeing. You would then be thoroughly prepared by the Centurions whom you would fear more awful than the adversary, for they would be quick and fierce with disciplines. Constrained walks while in exact arrangement and conveying all your hardware and reinforcement would all be a piece of a typical day. You would be relied upon to have the option to swim with and without your protective layer on, and be ready to walk for 20 miles with 60-80 lbs of hardware without breaking arrangement. The officers were prepared perseveringly in battling in arrangement with various kinds of weapons, and furthermore single battle. The standard drill included utilizing a blade against a post implanted in the ground, or against a genuine rival, again and again so a trooper could realize where to hit, and to hit that point precisely. The Armatura, or Gladiatorial drill, was likewise used to permit to similarly, or something else, coordinated rivals to fight against one another. Such an excess of preparing lead to the last orginization of the army. The preparation, combined with the orginization furthermore, control of the legionaires made them the debut battling power of the antiquated world. The Roman armed force was split into positions, much like an advanced military is today, which permitted a lot of control to be utilized in an extreme fight circumstance. Another fighter acknowledged into the military was given the position of hastati and was doled out to a contubernium, the littlest unit in the Roman armed force, which was contained 8 men, a tent and an ass. The hastati were the cutting edges in fight, so high demise rates were to be normal, yet these were significantly less than that of different armed forces the armies battled, because of the preparation the hastati got before fight. The next position, principe, was given to the warrior who had endure at least 2 fights, and was considered commendable by his Centurion, and these warriors contained the subsequent position. The activity of the principe was to ensure that the development remained together, and to bargain quick discipline by methods for death assuming any hastati broke positions and started to flee. The last position given to a mile (normal troopers) was that of triarii, or the most vetran warrior of the unit. This rank was gotten through sheer assurance and expertise shown on the combat zone, and was regularly the most noteworthy position granted to a warrior not of honorable blood. The activity of the triarii was equivalent to the principe, but on the other hand was to shield the principes from running and to help fight off flanking and back assaults. Since they were the most fight solidified troops, triarii could uphold disciplines given by the centurion of the unit, and to rebuff any individual who didn't follow orders. The rank given to officers of respectable blood, or to triarii who had substantiated themselves, was the rank of Centurion. The Centurion was the administrator of a unit, like a Battalion Commander in cutting edge militaries. They had the activity of not just battling close by his men, yet in addition managing disciplines, for example, obliteration, where one officer out of ten was chosen for the bad behaviors of another, and the other nine warriors would stone the cursed officer to death. On the off chance that a Centurion was discovered commendable, he may even be elevated to general, yet the basic Centurion had no desire for this. The Centurion was additionally accountable for ensuring that every one of his mens' hardware and

Emile Durkheim Anomie or Strain Theory Essay Example For Students

Emile Durkheim Anomie or Strain Theory Essay DURKHEIM AND ANOMIE OR STRAIN THEORYby Brent M. Pergram, Masers of Arts in Sociology Emile Durkheim is the organizer of the investigation of anomie hypothesis or strain hypothesis that accepts that anomie or strain makes an individual end it all or some other freak act. This examination paper will talk about a few articles that manage strain hypothesis and with Durkheims hypothesis of anomie. I will likewise talk about articles on Mertons strain hypothesis, and on Agnews General Strain Theory that grows the idea of strain. Durkheim is the author of anomie hypothesis, yet Merton, and later Agnew made changes to the hypothesis to attempt to make it a general hypothesis that could clarify most sorts of aberrance. Anomie is an idea that is related with two scholars, Emile Durkheim and RobertMerton.Durkheim presented the term in his 1893 book The Division of Labor in Society, when he portrayed it as a state of deregulation happening in the public eye. This happens when the general princip les of a general public have separated and that individuals no longer realize what's in store from each other. It is this condition of normlessness or deregulation in the public arena that prompts degenerate conduct. Durkheim utilized the term anomie again in his great 1897 book Suicide, alluding to an ethically deregulated condition were individuals have lacking good authority over their activities. Hence, a given society might be anomic if individuals don't have the foggiest idea when to quit making progress toward progress, or how to treat others en route. Notwithstanding which of these two depictions of anomie one uses, a brake down in either the standards of society or the ethical standards, Durkheim unmistakably intended to portray an interruption or ordinary cultural conditions.Durkheim was engrossed with the impacts of social change. Durkheim best outlined his idea of anomie not in a conversation of wrongdoing however of self destruction. In the Division of Labor in Society, Durkheim proposed two ideas. Initially, that social orders developed from a straightforward, non-particular structure, called mechanical, toward a profoundly mind boggling, specific structure, called natural. In a basic mechanical society individuals carry on and think the same, and essentially play out a similar work assignments and have a similar gathering focused objectives. At the point when social orders become increasingly perplexing, or natural, work additionally turns out to be progressively mind boggling. In a natural society, individuals are not, at this point attached to each other and social bonds are generic. In this way anomie alludes to a breakdown of social standards and is where standards no longer control the exercises of individuals in the public eye. The people in the public arena can't discover their place in it, without clear standards to help control them. Changing conditions in the public eye just as alteration of life prompts disappointment, struggle, and aberrance. Durkheim saw that social times of disturbance, for example, financial downturn lead to expanded degrees of anomie and higher paces of wrongdoing, self destruction, and aberrance. Durkheim accepted that abrupt change caused a condition of anomie. The framework separates, either during an extraordinary flourishing or an incredible gloom, anomie is a similar outcome (Durkheim). Robert K. Merton, obtained Durkheims idea of anomie to frame his own hypothesis, called Strain Theory. It contrasts to some degree from Durkheims in that Merton contended that the genuine issue isn't made by an unexpected social change, as Durkheim proposed, yet by a social structure that holds out similar objectives to every one of its individuals without giving them equivalent intends to accomplish them. He accepts that it is this absence of mix between what the way of life calls for and what the structure allows that causes freak conduct. Along these lines aberrance is a manifestation of the social structure. Merton acquired Durkheims thought of anomie to portray the breakdown of regularizing frameworks. Mertons hypothesis doesn't concentrate on wrongdoing, yet upon different demonstrations of abnormality, which may prompt criminal conduct. Merton accepts that there are sure objectives which are firmly accentuated by a given society. Society stresses certain way to arrive at those objectives, for example, training, and hard work.But not every person has the equivalent access to the authentic way to accomplish those objectives, which makes way for anomie. Merton presents five methods of adjusting to strain brought about by the limited access to socially affirmed objectives and means. He didnt imply that each individual that was denied authentic intends to societys objectives got degenerate. Rather, the methods of adjustment relies upon the people mentalities toward social objectives and the institutional way to accomplish them. Congruity is the most widely recognized method of adjustment. It happens when an individual acknowledges both the objectives just as the endorsed implies for accomplishing those objectives. Traditionalists will acknowledge, however not generally accomplish, the objectives of society and the methods affirmed to accomplish them. People that adjust through development acknowledge cultural objectives however have not many authentic intends to accomplish those objectives, along these lines they advance their own way to excel, for example, through theft, or other criminal acts. In the third adjustment method of forma lity, people surrender the objectives they once accepted to be inside their reach and devote themselves to their present way of life. Therefore they carry on honestly and have a day by day schedule that is protected. Retreatism is the adjustment of the individuals who surrender the objectives as well as the methods. They typically retreat, by method of different addictions, for example, liquor addiction and medication misuse. They escape into a useless, non-objectives situated way of life. The last sort of adjustment is disobedience, which happens when the social objectives and the real methods are dismissed. This powers the person to make their own objectives and means, for example, by dissent or progressive exercises. During the 1970s, strain hypothesis went under overwhelming assault subsequent to having commanded abnormality look into in the time of the 1960s, inciting that it become relinquished. In any case, from that point forward strain hypothesis has endure such assaults, yet has been left with lessened impact. In 1992, Robert Agnew proposed a general strain hypothesis that centers around in any event three proportions of strain. He contends that real or foreseen inability to accomplish decidedly esteemed objectives, genuine or foreseen expulsion of emphatically esteemed upgrades, and real or foreseen introduction of negative improvements all outcome in strain. Agnews strain hypothesis centers basically around contrary associations with others, in that an individual isn't treated such that he expects or needs. Agnew contends that individuals are forced into criminal or freak acts by negative emotional states ,, for example, outrage, which brings about negative associations with others. He c ontends that such negative emotional states prompts pressure which at that point prompts ill-conceived approaches to accomplish an objective. Other strain hypotheses clarify strain such that associations with others keep one from arriving at decidedly esteemed objectives. They center essentially around objective blockage, that which is frequently experienced by the center or lower classes. Agnew contends that strain hypothesis is focal in clarifying wrongdoing and aberrance, however that it needs more correction to assume a focal job in humanism. His hypothesis is composed at a social-mental level with the goal that it centers around a people prompt social condition. A great part of the hypothesis is engaged toward pre-adult guiltiness, or wrongdoing, in light of the fact that such a large amount of the information accessible for testing includes studies of teenagers. He contends that his hypothesis is equipped for beating experimental and hypothetical reactions related with past strain speculations. Whitney Pope et al (1981) article, Sociologys One Law, took a gander at Emile Durkheims hypothesis of pride, which says that self destruction changes proportionately dependent fair and square of coordination of a person in a given society. For example, that Protestants have a religion that is less socially coordinated than that of Catholics, which prompts contrasting degrees of self destruction. Pride is an idea that fundamentally implies absence of coordination in the public arena, and is just a single piece of the bigger idea of anomie. With the end goal of the exploration Durkheim had an ostensible definition that took a gander at various degrees of joining among two religions and the effect on self destruction. Religion is the needy variable that Durkheim utilized in his work. The creators include the countries level of improvement as a variable to see its effect on self destruction. The operational meaning of the idea that was utilized, was to see self destruction rates from Protestant and Catholic countries. The theory of Durkheim was that since Catholics have an all the more socially coordinated or controlling religion that they would have less prideful self destruction than Protestants. The hypothesis and theory was estimated by utilization of cross national longitudinal information on self destruction rates from seven Catholic, and five Protestant countries. Pope et al (1981) article looked at the national, female, and male self destruction rates with and without control for the countries level of improvement, and for four diverse timespans from 1919 to 1972 to make inferences about self destruction rates at the national level. As far as dependability the creators show that when you control for the countries level of improvement, there is no distinction among Catholic and Protestant self destruction rates, which negates some portion of Durkheims hypothesis. They do say that the use of his entire hypothesis of coordination both selfishness and benevolence shows that the information is predictable with his hypothesis of variety in self destruction rates. So as to test unwavering quality the creators took a gander at traverse three diverse timespans. The article is ob viously not absolutely solid in light of the fact that the post World War II results upheld the theory that Protestants have higher self destruction rates than Catholics. The issue with legitimacy of the self destruction rates additionally comes into question, when one glances at the specialists that gather the information in every nation since they may not characterize self destruction a similar way. Additionally they may not report a few passings as self destruction because of the shame related with suicid

William Wordsworth Essay Example For Students

William Wordsworth Essay This will be finished by using a wide determination of Wordsmiths verse traversing the artists lifetime. His encounters are unquestionably reflected in the topic of his manifestations and in light of the inseparable connection between Wordsmith the man and Wordsmith the writer, the sonnets examined in this paper have been isolated into three areas. The principal area will manage sonnets from the Lyrical Ballads. The subsequent area investigates Wordsmiths Sonnets. While the last area will manage the Ecclesiastical Sketches, as they have been alluded to by pundits and artists the like. In his renowned sonnet The Rainbow, Wordsmith terrifically announces that, the Child is the Father of the Man (line 7). On the off chance that we are to consider this case on the premise not of its philosophical legitimacy but instead of its own significance to the writer, this announcement must be viewed as an essential fact of the matter. For Wordsmith, through his verse, investigates himself: his considerations, thought processes and emotions; in short Wordsmith verse is generally an investigation of the spirit not of the brain and it is a direct result of this that his verse is so significant, so liquid thus Romantic in nature. Therefore Wordsmiths verse reflects him the man and consequently the topic of his sonnets changes during the time as he experiences various encounters. In he sonnet Lines composed a couple of miles above Tinder Abbey, Wordsmith observes that there are three fundamental phases of improvement: adolescence, youth and masculinity. Without a doubt these stages can be compared to Wordsmiths poetical turn of events. The distribution of Lyrical Ballads checked Wordsmiths birth and youth while the Sonnets of 1802 and past unquestionably mirror a more shrewd, worldlier Wordsmith. Anyway it is in his Ecclesiastical Sketches that Wordsmith the artist arrives at the apex of his turn of events: his masculinity in the realm of verse. Subsequently the division of this paper into the three phases of his turn of events. This poetical advancement happens in view of Wordsmiths own self-awareness through his background, a significant number of which are described in his verse. There is, without a doubt, an immediate connection between's his life and his poetical works and a careful information on his experience is important to comprehend his verse and the phases that it experiences. For instance, the verse of the Lyrical Ballads is light and joyful in tone and mood while that of the Sonnets is dismal and intelligent. This is on the grounds that Wordsmith endures a time of political frustration with the accomplishment of the French Revolution which is vigorously reflected in his verse of the time. It follows normally that on the off chance that the topic and atmosphere are influenced by Wordsmiths life, at that point so would the subjects and pictures of the sonnets. Consequently, the sonnets have been isolated into three particular groupings to be investigated independently. Notwithstanding while these sonnets may contrast in content, they mirror similar components of Romanticism found in Wordsmiths verse. Actually, the distinctions in content just serve to feature Romanticism as a graceful style pertinent to all types f stanza. Foundation AND ContraindicationWilliam scholar north of England. He represents the yeoman of England with its strong constitution and freedom of psyche (11). So says R. S. Thomas in first experience with A Choice of Wordsmiths Verse. His verse is intelligent of his manner and for an incredible duration the primary steady in his verse is its respectful reaction to and energy about nature. In the event that we are to come back to the line, The Child is the Father of the Man, at that point Wordsmiths verse becomes as unadulterated and as clear to us as the Cuckoos tune was to him. For Wordsmiths youth, portrayed finally in his epic sonnet the Prelude, was pure. In the Prelude book I he portrays life as an infant in his medical caret akers arms, hearing and being attracted to the music of the stream Deterrent. His adolescence tracks with a comparative topic of fellowship with nature. Undoubtedly natures effect on the soul is the fundamental topic of his sonnets in Lyrical Ballads. At that point at seventeen years old, after the passings of his folks in 1778 and 1783, Wordsmith was isolated from his five kin and sent away to class at SST. Johns College in Cambridge. There his life was straightforward and unhampered. Get-aways were spent in strolling visits around England and on the landmass with companions. It was on these journeys that a large number of the thoughts communicated in Wordsmiths verse started to come to fruition. His profound valuation for nature formed into a progressively magnificent, otherworldly fellowship. The Revolutionary Years 1791, Wordsmiths wonderful life started decisively. He returned to France where he came into brief contact with a Frenchman, Annette Balloon, by whom he had a youngster. His get-together with his girl is perfectly portrayed in his work, It is a beauteous night, quiet and free. On this visit to France, Wordsmith got immersed in the artistic work and methods of reasoning of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. On account of this impact, he created solid republican feelings and got consumed in the upheaval out of veritable concern and compassion toward the French individuals. In 1793 he came back to England where the fervor of the transformation immediately dropped into frustration with the start of the Reign of Terror in September 1793. Scribes activities during the French Revolution have been then again adulated and reprimands by pundits. The individuals who acclaim his activities guarantee that Wordsmith demonstrated myself to be an ethically solid person, who, thoughtful to the situation of a people, was moved enthusiastically. Others see Wordsmiths auspicious takeoff before the war as a type of idealism. Whatever the case, the French Revolution vigorously affected upon him and his verse, and after the passing of the upset Wordsmith got discouraged and rankled with his individual man. As Graham Hough, Professor of English at Cambridge University states,alt is standard to rebuke Wordsmith for forsaking it (the upheaval), which is silly; even Romantic artists must be allowed to grow up. What we can agitatedly lament is that he relinquished such a great amount with it, such a significant number of the beliefs that ought to have been invulnerable to recorded disillusionment. (53)This relinquishment of goals is found in the Sonnets which recount Wordsmiths common thwarted expectation and later embitterment. The deserting turns out to be significantly progressively obvious in the later Ecclesiastical Sketches which grandstand Wordsmiths only occasionally observed skeptical side where gnawing comments with a particularly fatalistic tone rule. At that point in the winter of 1794, he fled England to stay away from military enrollment and went with his sister, Dorothy, to Germany. That winter was surely a progressive one for it was here that Wordsmiths and Samuel Taylor Coleridge kinship bloomed. The winter spent in every others organization hastened the production of the Lyrical Ballads in 1798 and set apart vigorously the advancement of Romanticism in Britain. The Reclusive Hearst years 1802 and 1803 were occupied ones for Wordsmith. 1802 saw him wedded to a cherished companion, Mary Hutchinson. Prior to the wedding, Wordsmith returned to France for a settling of undertakings among him and Annette. While in France he invested some energy with his ill-conceived little girl, Caroline. Anyway following this, Wordsmith and his significant other introduced themselves at their new home from which he only here and there emptied. Be that as it may, all the more critically, these years saw a recovery in Wordsmiths political interests which are reflected in his poems, created around this time. For in 1802 the Peace of Amines was finished up with France formalizing Britains acknowledgment of the recently framed French Republic, a move which was invited by liberal supporters. This political recovery raised Wordsmiths section higher than ever and his works are significant in their looks of disillusionment, tempered with newly discovered expectation. The Declining again Wordsmiths political expectations came colliding with the ground when the precarious time of harmony finished in the start of an individual oppression with the presentation of Napoleon Bonaparte; made emissary for life in August 1802. This was very much for Wordsmith to shoulder and his later work shows his pessimist disposition and the absence of expectation with which he became guzzled. Scholar THE Reinterpretations, as compactly characterized by wisped. Organization, is a complex masterful, abstract, and scholarly development that started in the second 50% of the eighteenth century in Western Europe. The Romantic Period introduced a time of scholarly insurgency where old style neoclassical standards were forever canceled. Prior to the appearance of Romanticism, accentuation in verse was put in on the request and equalization of contemplated considerations. Writers needed to stick to exacting guidelines of structure and lingual authority and the higher the degree of rise of language, the more noteworthy the substance of the verse made. Moreover, the topic of the sonnet was additionally a matter of implicit comprehension among most artists. For sonnets delineated Kings, Queens and Gods and portrayed major authentic, social and political occasions. Subsequently why Wordsmiths verse has been hailed by numerous individuals as progressive; for it was distinctly with the introduction of Romanticism that thoughts, for example, nature, human creative mind, youth, and the capacity to review enthusiastic recollections of both satisfaction and distress had the option to be examined and dismembered in verse. The various perspectives on adoration communicated by the sonnets 'The Sunne Rising' and 'Morning After' EssayTherefore the impact of nature on the artist is still observed as it is as though the Leech-Gatherer is sent by Nature herself to stir Wordsmiths spirits, such is the connection between the elderly person and the environmental factors. Hence through these particularly Wordsmiths ideas, the inclination of Romanticism is obviously observed. For while Wordsmith utilizes individual experience to brace his position on nature, the Romantic thought of acknowledging natures magnificence for its stylish significance as well as for the enthusiastic recuperating it offers those ready to look. THE LANGUAGE OF COMMON Northwester

The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill 2010 Episode - 550 Words

The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill 2010 Episode (Essay Sample) Content: The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill 2010 EpisodeNameAuthorInstitution AffiliationDate The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill 2010 EpisodeThroughout human history, there have been major episodes that have had detrimental effects on animals both on land and in the sea. Some of the episodes are natural like the 1930 Muese valley intense fog that left many scores of people dead. The 1948 Donora song episode is also another natural disaster that has a hard impact on the environment. These episodes were natural and affected terrestrial animals only. Notably is the Bowels lake episode in the mid-1970s in North Carolina whereby there was contamination of water by selenium waste from coal fired power plant. Another such episode Minimata bay one, Mercury from dumped waste materials from a factory found themselves into the water in bonds that affected mankind and aquatic life. The Mercury was ingested by the fish and transferred to man when they ate the fish. The effects took up-to 50year s before their effects could be felt. The Minimata episode took place in 1956 in Japan. The most recent major episode that had an impact on Marine life is the BP oil spillage in the Gulf coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico. Main pollutant that caused hazards to aquatic lifeThe BP oil spillage took place in 2010 for a period of five months. There was an explosion of undersea of a BP oil well. Eleven workers died immediately and scores of injuries were reported. Birds, fish, and shrump died also as a result of the oil spill. The main pollutant that was hazardous to aquatic life was the oil spill from the well. The oil that spill was approximately 3.2 million barrels. Some of the oil has evaporated and most of the oil has been cleaned by the company which happened to be the most expensive exercise. Up to now, some oil still remains in the ocean eight years down from the episode date (King, 2010). How spilled oil adversely affected the health of aquatic lifeThere were oil-soaked b irds on the shores of the ocean together with oiled turtles and fish alike. Though studies are underway to determine the full impact of the pollution, immediate impact on Marine life has been noted down by researchers. Double the number of bottlenose dolphin has been reported for the past five years. The spilled water had polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which contain carcinogens responsible for the reduction of oxygen levels in the water which leads to aquatic life suffocating and eventually dying (Beyer, et al, 2016). The BP oil spill was deep into the ocean and cases of the ocean floor damage have been reported. This ocean floor damage has an effect on the pancale batfish whose ocean Floor is their main ecosystem. There have been also cases of cardiotoxicity have been reported on Tuna and Amberjack species. Cardiotoxicity is a heart muscle damage or electrophysiology dysfunction, a form of a heart attack. The aquatic life impact was not that adverse because the oil spill about 40 miles offshore and it was deep below the surface of the ocean and it was far away from where most aquatic life was. The Oil that leaked was also light crude oil form of the oil that is easily degraded by degrading bacteria and it also dissolves much more quickly than the heavy oil (Beyer, et al, 2016).Measures to be taken to prevent such episodes in the futureBp oil spillage episode has been reported to be caused by defective cement on the wall of the blowout preventer. This is because of the negligence of safety practices and ethics by the drilling company. The company made decisions on cutting the cost of running the company and that made it go for cheap materials and substandard work on its blowout preventer (King, 2010). To prevent such occurrences in the future, drilling companies should establish procedures and install and implement control measures to prevent spillage from reaching water pathways. Because machines are not 100% efficient, there are instances ...

The Stanford Health Services And Ucsf Medical Center...

A). Why they thought it would be a good idea The Stanford Health Services and UCSF medical center merger was projected to have a great turnout as it was supposed to be â€Å"enhanc[ing] the academic mission[s], strengthen[ing] referrals, and creat[ing] a more cost effective teaching hospital† (Sjoberg, 1999). The two competitors joined forces in hopes that it would alleviate the pressures of the new managed care systems by merging resources and acquiring more bargaining power. Stanford Medicine and UCSF came together at a time when many other academic health centers were looking to improve their negotiating powers with healthcare plans and physician groups. The merger offered hope to UCSF and Stanford by strengthening training programs and offering innovation plans as well as financial support. B). What went wrong how they could have better prepared for merger Unfortunately, a lot of things went wrong in the UCSF and Stanford merger which ultimately cost them tens of millions of dollars. For instance, they were projected to save almost $300 million by 2020, when in reality they lost almost $90 million in two years’ time. It didn’t help that reimbursement rates were down at the time and patients were starting to move to lower paying plans. One notable problem from the start was that USHC continued to hire and ended up with 1000 new employees. Additionally, the IT costs for the year 2000 were astronomical to say the least, and the merger expenses were double than what

Alcohol and Cigarette Advertisement Essay - 948 Words

Alcohol and Cigarettes Advertisement How would you feel if one of your family members or close friends told you they have a lung disease or cancer? According to a 1992 national household survey on alcohol, about 7.5% of the United States population (That is about 14 million Americans) abuse or are dependent on alcohol. Also, a recent 2004 Center for Disease Control (CDC) survey indicated that about 21% of US adults are current cigarette smokers. (That is about 44.5 million people).Let me repeat that. These numbers are from 2004. I’m guessing these numbers have increased in the last four years. These numbers are incredible since everyone realizes how damaging alcohol abuse and cigarette smoking can be. After reading a number of†¦show more content†¦Bryan’s last words were to his son, he told his son Louis â€Å"this is what happens to you when you smoke. â€Å" Cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking can be very deadly. On October 9, 2007, CDC reported that each year about 438,000 people in the United States die from illnesses related to cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking has caused many deaths, alcohol drinking has almost cause equally as much deaths a year. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Addiction reported that more than 100,000 Americans deaths are caused by excessive alcohol consumption. According to a professional American doctor, cigarettes killed more Americans than AIDS, alcohol, car accidents, murders, suicides, drugs and fires combined. Most of these deaths may have occurred because people started smoking and drinking because of the advertisements. Cigarettes and alcohol advertisements are affecting a lot of people. Once you enter any city in the US, the first thing you’re going to see is an advertisement of cigarettes or alcohol on a billboard. Who in here has seen those Absolut Vogue ads? Those ads and many other ads have been shown in famous newspapers and magazines, magazine and newspapers such as the New York Times, Entertainment Weekly and Rolling Stone, even in outdoor life. Alcohol ads lie. Jean Kilbourne, a media scholar said â€Å"an alcohol advertisement does create a climate in which dangerous attitudes toward alcohol are presented as normal and appropriate.†Show MoreRelatedUnderage Alcohol Drinking And Cigarette Smoking1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe underage alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking has been a consistent problem for the last few decades. Majority easily blame marketing advertisements to this problem particularly to the rising percentage of alcohol, cigarette, and drug abuse among teens. While this may seem unfair to marketing industry, there may be some truth to that according to research. 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Impact of IT on business

Question: Discuss about the Impact of IT on Business. Answer: Introduction Information technology is defined as a technology that mainly deals with development, maintenance as well as use of computer systems for processing and distributing the data effectively (Webster 2014).The assignment mainly focuses on the use of information technology within the organization Telstra which one of the leading telecommunication as well as technology in Australia. The assignment mainly illustrates the need of IT in the business, importance of IT in the business, requirements for applying IT in the business, benefits as well as advantages of IT in the business and risk due to IT in the business of Telstra. The report also discusses proper procedures as well as methods for maintaining and monitoring the business of the organization. Need of IT in the business of Telstra Information Technology is considered as one of the vital as well as integral part of every business plan. It is required in every organization starting from multinational corporations to small businesses. They are required due to the following reason: Communication: The information technology plays an important role in generating effective communication between various stakeholders of the organization including the customers (Bloom et al. 2014). E-mail, is one of the principal means of communication between various employees, suppliers as well as customers in the organization Telstra. Inventory Management: Information Technology also helps in maintaining as well as managing inventory of the organization Telstra. The inventory management system helps in tracking the quantity of each item, which is maintained by the company. The systems are utilized effectively when it is connected with the POS system. Data Management: The Information technology in Telstra helps in managing the database of the organization (Kellermann and Jones 2013). It helps in storing large amount of historical data effectively as well as economically. Management Information system: The system is used for enabling various companies to track various data related with sales, expenses as well as productivity levels. Customer Relationship Management: Information Technology is utilized by the organization Telstra in improving their design as well as for managing customer relationship. CRM system helps in capturing various interactions of the customers (Xiang, Magnini and Fesenmaier 2015). Importance of IT in the business Survival of Telstra Information Technology is very much important for the survival of Telstra as it helps in providing an opportunity to the organization so that they can plan their business accordingly. Information Technology plays a significant role in various phases of business, which includes: Decision Making: Speed as well as accuracy is considered as the heart of right decision for Telstra. The organization mainly undertakes comprehensive market research process for enabling the management of the organization in the correct direction (Baskerville, Stage and DeGross 2013). It is mainly done with the help of Google Analytics or Microsoft CRM dynamics. Business Growth as well as Marketing: Nowadays the growth of business as well as marketing is fully dependent on Digitalization. It mainly includes use of blogging, email shot, SMS, social media marketing and many more. Customer support and Satisfaction: Internet technology plays an important tool in Telstra for enabling proper as well as effective communication between the customers (Wu et al. 2015). Organization mainly utilizes customer relationship management for holding valuable data for understanding the behavior of the customers. Resource Management and globalization: IT plays a vital role in automating various complex problems with the help of user-friendly solutions. Managers of Telstra are responsible for managing as well as monitoring the structure of the organization. Requirements for applying IT in the business of Telstra The main requirements for applying information Technology within the organization Telstra include: Cost: The organization needs certain amount of expenses for installing information technology within the organization (Nambisan 2013). The organization spent money for buying various requirements of the project, which are needed for developing IT in the organization. Planning: It is very much important to have proper planning before implementing the project successfully within the organization. Proper planning helps in developing the information technology with the estimate time and budget. Designing: The information technology must be designed effectively so that the organization can achieve maximum benefit from it. It must also be helpful in enhancing the overall profit of the organization. Equipment: Proper equipment must be used in order to develop the information system effectively as well as properly within the organization (Kautz and Pries-Heje 2013). Equipment must be used for utilizing the information system effectively. Installation: The develop information technology must be installed effectively for utilizing the system. The information technology must be developed within the organization after it is designed as well as planned effectively. Training: Proper training must be provided to the staff of the organization so that they handle as well as utilize the system effectively without facing any challenges (Oztaysi 2014). Use of IT in the business The information technologies that are implemented within the organization are used by the stakeholders of the company. The stakeholders who utilize the information technology within the organization are: Staffs: The staff of the organization uses information technology for making proper communication between the various stakeholders of the organization (Wynn et al. 2013). The staff uses the technology for managing different operations of the organization properly. The information technology is mainly used by the staff of the organization for making proper decisions. Customers: The customer of the organization utilizes information technology in order to provide feedback, for receiving products from the customers, for viewing the website of the organization and many more (Shaikhand Karjaluoto 2015). The customer also utilizes Information technology for getting guidelines from the organization in order to use the products effectively. Proper information technology is also utilized by the organization for strengthening the customer relationship management properly. Suppliers: The suppliers mainly utilize the information system for supplying various requirements that are required for managing the various operations of the organization effectively (Davison and Martinsons 2013). The information technology is used by them for making proper communication with the other stakeholders of the organization. Benefits as well as advantages of IT in the business The information technology is very much beneficial for the business of the organization. It is very much advantageous for Telestra in enhancing the profit as well as sales of the organization. The information technology also helps in enhancing the following: Revenue: The use of information technology helps in enhancing the entire revenue of the organization. The revenue of the organization is enhanced with the help of web presence, e-commerce, as well as due to the presence of proper customer relationship management (Devaraj, Ow and Kohli 2013). The adoption of information technology within the organization helps in reducing the staff of the organization, which further assists in saving the expenses of the company. Flexibility: The flexibility of the organization is also enhanced due to the use of information technology within the organization. Cost Reduction: The development of Information technology helps in speeding the various operations of the organization, which further helps in reducing the overall cost of the organization (Roztocki and Weistroffer 2015). The development of Information technology also lowers the number of staff in the organization, which helps in reducing cost. The cost of the organization is also reduced due to increase in the production of the organization. Risk due to IT in the business of Telstra The use of Information Technology within the organization increases number of risk for the organization Telstra. The risk that arises in the organization due to the use of Information technology includes: Security: There are number of security issues that are related with the Information technology of the organization (Oztaysi 2014). The security related challenges arises due to denial of service attack, more hacking of data, targeted attacks, increase in malware, due to computer viruses. The security issues that are associated with information technology also arises due to posting offensive web pages or due to unauthorized access by some individuals. Privacy: There are number of privacy issues, which are associated with the development of information technology within the organization. The customers of the organization use online payment system and if the information and data of the customers are hacked (Webster 2014). Then number of challenges can arise. The privacy issues are not only related with the personal information of the customers, it is also related with financial information of the customers. Hacking of important information of the organization that is associated with the entire revenue can hamper the various operations of the organization. Confidentiality: It is very much important to maintain confidentiality within the organization. Maintenance of proper confidentiality within the organization not only helps in securing the personal information of the customers but also the financial information of the organization (Kellermann and Jones 2013). If proper confidentiality is not maintained then the organization will face number of risks or challenges. Procedure used by business in monitoring as well as maintaining business The methods or procedures that are used for monitoring as well as maintaining the procedure of the business include: Inventory Management Software: A program automatically manages the inventory. It helps in capturing all kinds of stock in real- time. It also assists in tracking the speed of the items in the company. Achieving help from the distribution: It helps in ensuring fulfillment of orders in the inventory system. It also helps in accessing the stock of the distributor effectively (Nambisan 2013). It assists the organization in coordinating the various purchase orders. The individuals can also use the information for preventing various data entry errors. Implementation of proper tracking system: Proper as well as effective tracking system within the organization helps in monitoring the inventory system of the organization. The organizations generally utilize spreadsheets, barcode scanners as well as stamps for tracking (Oztaysi 2014). Telstra also wants to implement an information system related tracking procedure. Hiring proper inventory consultant: Third party consultant is needed for formulating effective inventory management system. It is also helpful in managing as well as maintaining proper business within the organization of Telstra. Conclusion It can be concluded that development of Information technology within the organization Telstra is very much advantageous as it helps in enhancing the growth as well as profit of the company. It has been identified that use of information technology also helps in enhancing customer satisfaction as well as resource management. There are number of requirements for implementing as well as developing the information technology. The requirements include cost, designing, roper planning, training and many more. It has been identified that there are number of risks, which are associated with the organization, which must be resolved effectively. References Baskerville, R., Stage, J. and DeGross, J. eds., 2013.Organizational and Social Perspectives on Information Technology: IFIP TC8 WG8. 2 International Working Conference on the Social and Organizational Perspective on Research and Practice in Information Technology June 911, 2000, Aalborg, Denmark(Vol. 41). Springer. Bloom, N., Garicano, L., Sadun, R. and Van Reenen, J., 2014. The distinct effects of information technology and communication technology on firm organization.Management Science,60(12), pp.2859-2885. Davison, R.M., Ou, C.X. and Martinsons, M.G., 2013. Information technology to support informal knowledge sharing.Information Systems Journal,23(1), pp.89-109. Devaraj, S., Ow, T.T. and Kohli, R., 2013. Examining the impact of information technology and patient flow on healthcare performance: A Theory of Swift and Even Flow (TSEF) perspective.Journal of Operations Management,31(4), pp.181-192. Kautz, K. and Pries-Heje, J. eds., 2013.Diffusion and Adoption of Information Technology: Proceedings of the first IFIP WG 8.6 working conference on the diffusion and adoption of information technology, Oslo, Norway, October 1995. Springer. Kellermann, A.L. and Jones, S.S., 2013. What it will take to achieve the as-yet-unfulfilled promises of health information technology.Health Affairs,32(1), pp.63-68. Nambisan, S., 2013. Information technology and product/service innovation: A brief assessment and some suggestions for future research.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,14(4), p.215. Oztaysi, B., 2014. A decision model for information technology selection using AHP integrated TOPSIS-Grey: The case of content management systems.Knowledge-Based Systems,70, pp.44-54. Roztocki, N. and Weistroffer, H.R., 2015. Information and communication technology in transition economies: an assessment of research trends.Information Technology for Development,21(3), pp.330-364. Shaikh, A.A. and Karjaluoto, H., 2015. Making the most of information technology systems usage: A literature review, framework and future research agenda.Computers in Human Behavior,49, pp.541-566. Webster, J., 2014.Shaping women's work: Gender, employment and information technology. Routledge. Wu, S.P.J., Straub, D.W. and Liang, T.P., 2015. How information technology governance mechanisms and strategic alignment influence organizational performance: Insights from a matched survey of business and it managers.Mis Quarterly,39(2), pp.497-518. Wynn, E.H., Whitley, E., MYERS, M. and DeGross, J. eds., 2013.Global and Organizational Discourse about Information Technology: IFIP TC8/WG8. 2 Working Conference on Global and Organizational Discourse about Information Technology December 1214, 2002, Barcelona, Spain(Vol. 110). Springer. Xiang, Z., Magnini, V.P. and Fesenmaier, D.R., 2015. Information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism: Insights from travel planning using the internet.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,22, pp.244-249. Impact of IT on Business Question: Discuss the impacts of IT on business. Answer: Abstract Information Technology has become a vital part of the day to day life; every person has become connected to it directly or indirectly. Everywhere we see there has been a technological advancement in every sector that has made our lives not only easy but also worth living with ease. This research paper deals with the aspects of Information Technology and the impact that it has on business, especially in the field of aviation. To fulfil the research objective the researcher has chosen Air Asia as the subject of the study to study the impact of IT in airlines. Introduction Technology has created a fuss in the business sector; every individual has been instilled with the need to IT in some or the other way. People who facilitate the business or people who are taking advantage of a certain business both require technological innovations. Information technology has created a he impact on the economy (Heil and Prieger, n.d.) and all the sectors, be it small or large. The most common use of Information Technology is the use of data entry, accountancy and now a day the most commonly used one is money transfer. Be it the banking sector, tourism, hotel industry, or any other business sector either small or big, it is using IT somewhere or the other. Information Technology has brought innovation in all the sectors. Airlines are one of the business sectors that too have been an impact of information technology. IT people are being added to the workforce of all the airlines in order to improve their technological advancements which have become the most popular factor for attracting customers towards a particular airline. We will study the impact of these Information technology and the changes that have been taking place at Air Asia Airline. Objective of the Research The present research has been conducted in order to find out the affects of information technology on a business sector. The aim of the study is to find out the impact that IT has caused in both positive and negative way on the airlines business, and the study shall be conducted by using the example of Air Asia Airlines. Research Methodology The research methodology and philosophy used here is secondary in nature. The data collected is through online sites and research papers and news articles already published. The data so collected is then understood and scrutinised in order to draw conclusions to reach the aims and objectives of the research study. Literature Review Information technology is booming across the globe. It has made cross border transactions much easy, but along with ease it has also created various other issues on the economy and the government policies. It is true that IT has made the productivity level higher and has increased the profit making capacity of the business. But the problem that lies with this is that cross- border monetary transactions have shaken the government policies and resulted in to huge losses of tax that creates revenue for the government (Goolsbee, 2001). It has therefore become important for the fiscal regulators to plan policies to apply e-taxes on e-commerce so that the revenue is not lost due to technological innovation (Redpath, Redpath, Ryan, 2007. Legal tenders in the primary market, i.e. the treasury and the difference in prices at the secondary market have further increased the problems of electronic payments. With the advent of technology and the competitiveness so prevalent in the businesses, it is important that the businesses must be up to date with technology and along with that they should also bring in new things and add to technological innovation so that they remain ahead. Ease through technology also results into profit making which in returns adds to the GDP of the country and betters the economic conditions (Willis, 2004). Information Technology and Air Asia Airline With the increasing use of information technology, businesses have become e-businesses. The impact is so huge that it has brought the entire business sector under a technological advancement. Some way or the other the businesses have been using information technology, either for payments, production, recording transactions, distribution, facilitate marketing online etc. Airlines have too adopted the technological advancements; everything is done online from getting tickets, payments, cancellation, refunds, and other facilities that they may provide. Air Asia Airlines are the cheapest and the largest airlines in the Southeast Asia and was also voted as the Worlds Best Low Cost Airline in 2009 and 2010 (Worland, 2014). With the change in its management Air Asia rapidly grew from starting with only two planes to be at present a major airline in Asia. Use of IT It has been considered to be an important part for the survival of a business. It is to be noted here that IT plays a major role in innovation, which is the most attracting factor for any business to grab the attention of the customers. The use of IT not only attracts customers but also makes the business transaction easy on both the ends. Air Asia has recently added new features in its services through information technology. It had an online application that could be used to make bookings and enquiries. Earlier the application was compatible with windows phone 8.1, but now it has created and updated the UWP app for Windows 10 via Neowin, which is accessible by computers and mobile phones both. Another feature that it has added to it is the intellect feature called cortana which is an intuitive user feature (Baxi 2016). All these innovations through information technology have brought about an alarming change in the technology and has made it easy for the airlines and the customers to conduct the business with ease and hassle free. The application so formed has made it easy for the customers to access Air Asia without taking the pain of coming to the airport or going to a travel agent in order to get their tickets. The application has also made it easy to select the seats and make payments for bookings or get refunds for cancelations. The use of information technology is not only limited to be make the business customer friendly but also in order to make the working of the business internally easy and effective. The employees have biometric system to keep a track on their activities; there is facilitation of communication via intercoms and other devices. There working of the business is done under continuous surveillance through camera and recordings are kept with the IT staff in the IT department. Advantages of IT Information technology as discussed above has created ease and caused innovations to happen, other advantages of information technology are: Cost effective: a lot of cost is cut down from the side of the airlines by reducing staff for manual ticketing, use of paper, time, and also from the side of the customers as a lot of money is wasted on travel agents, transportation etc. Time saving: Information technology has made the business transaction so easy that it saves a lot of time that was earlier wasted by standing in ques for booking, taking refunds and making cancellations. Revenue and productivity(Wen, 2004): the above two factors have increased the productivity of the airlines by enabling easy transactions and working and due to maximum utilisation of time and cost effectiveness, generation of profits has also increased. Specialisation: the technological advancements have led to specialisation in the field of aviation. Now airlines specialise in providing certain services in a particular area. Like Air Asia has specialised in the Southeast of Asia and provides cheaper and readily available flights easily in Malaysia and adjoining areas (Baxi 2016). Connectivity/ flexibility: due to information technology, it has become easy to connect with the airlines all over the world. Availability of seats in other flights, availability of connecting flights etc can be easily found out. Under business to business transactions there has been a connection established sue to which the businesses have become more easily accessible (Lucking-Reiley Spulber, 2001). Threat of Information Technology on Aviation sector Information technology has been a boon to the people and the business sectors due to the increase in revenue generation, flexibility etc. but this same instrument of innovation has been a threat and proved to be monstrous for the people. The disadvantages of IT are: loss of jobs: due to technological advancements, airline businesses are cutting down the workforce in order to generate more profits, as due to technology most of the work can be easily done through various application provided online, therefore there is no use of having so much of a workforce for operating the business (Scott, 2016). Negative Competition: the use of technology has reduced the costs incurred by the businesses, which has resulted into generation of increased revenue, which in result has lead to competition. But this competition has reached to such an extent that airlines have started offering services at such a lower rate in order to compete that they themselves are going into losses and in order to cover those loses they are cost cutting and cutting down the workforce (Scott, 2016). Cybercrime: since, everything has been made electronic, and all the information is vulnerable to hackers and other mal practitioners in the field of cyber technology, there is always a fear of cyber crime. Terrorism: as stated above, there is a fear of the information getting into the wrong hands as the information has become vulnerable. Therefore, in the past terrorist actions have taken place. Confidentiality: as all the information about the airlines is available online, there is no confidentiality. Also because airlines have to disclose information in order to facilitate easy flight bookings that are connecting, therefore confidentiality is lost. Recommendations Information technology has its advantages and disadvantages as anything else. But only because there are a few disadvantages of it, its advantages cannot be ignored in the light of the cons. With technology the world has become easy but also at the same time it has lead to vulnerability, but it is important that the fact, that ease is granted should always be considered and the disadvantages should be left behind. It is recommended after going through the research that there must always be innovation with the help of technology but that should not be done at the cost of the work of other people. Competition is important to bring changes but a negative competition would only lead to be disadvantageous to both the public and the business itself. Conclusion Air Asia being the cheapest airlines in the Southeast Asia have become extremely popular for that region. An additional feature of an online application for booking, cancellation, viewing boarding pass, checking flight status etc., added to the services provided by them has made it more popular and easy to use and customer friendly. The information technology applied by these airlines is not restricted to only making customers accessibility but also has been used to govern their day to day functions within the workplace by use of IT. Connectivity with other airlines has also been established in order to facilitate the connectivity of flights from one place to another. It is to be noted that IT cannot always be advantageous, it has its own threats to the business and the society at large and sometimes even technology can lead to failures as it is doing at present, but cutting down the workforce due to negative competition and the tendency of businesses to make maximum profits. Bibliography Articles: Subirana, B., Eckes, C., Herman, G., Sarma, S. and Barrett, M. (n.d.). Measuring the Impact of Information Technology on Value and Productivity using a Process-Based Approach: The case for RFID Technologies. SSRN Electronic Journal. Heil, D., Prieger, J. (n.d). The Macroeconomic Impacts of E-Business on the Economy. SSRN Electronic Journal. Heenetigala, K. (n.d). Potential Impact of New Technology on Governance in Small Business. SSRN Electronic Journal. Jain, M., Popli, G.S. (n.d). Role of Information Technology in the Development of Banking Sector in India. SSRN Electronic Journal. Nordhous, W. (n.d). Are We Approaching an Economic Singularity? Information Technology and the Future of Economic Growth. SSRN Electronic Journal. Galang, N. M. (n.d). Government Efficiency and International Technology Adoption: The Spread of Electronic Ticketing Among Airlines. SSRN Electronic Journal. Goolsbee, A. (2001). The implications of electronic commerce for fiscal policy (and vice versa). Journal of Economic Perspectives. Redpath, I. J., Redpath E. M., Ryan, K. (2007). Sales and use taxation in ecommerce: Where we are and what needs to be done. Information Systems Management. Willis, J. L. (2004). What impact will e-commerce have on the U.S. economy? Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review. 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[online] Available at: https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/national-international/Why-Most-Airlines-Wont-Use-Streaming-Technology-Aircraft-Data-381253151.html [Accessed 31 May 2016]. Business Standard, (2016). IndiGo, SpiceJet, Air Asia slash flight ticket prices to lure flyers, push sales. [online] Available at: https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/indigo-spicejet-air-asia-slash-flight-ticket-prices-to-lure-flyers-push-sales-116051701116_1.html [Accessed 31 May 2016].