Humans Relationship to Nature and Construction of Nature in C17 Essay Example

Humans Relationship to Nature and Construction of Nature in C17 Essay Example Humans Relationship to Nature and Construction of Nature in C17 Essay Humans Relationship to Nature and Construction of Nature in C17 Essay Introduce: This part of our presentation is focused on Dutch Golden Age landscape and seascape painting. A period in Dutch history generally spanning the 17th century, during and after the later part of the Eighty Years War (1568–1648) for Dutch independence. At that time, the Dutch republic was one of Europe’s most prominent states. It strength was manifest not only in politics and economics but also in the arts and sciences at Europe. II. Land, sea and sky paintings of the 17 century: Landscape painting was a major genre in the 17th century. The Dutch landscape is actually firmly rooted in 16th century Flemish landscape painting. These had been not particularly realistic, having been painted mostly in the studio, partly from imagination, and often still using the semi-aerial view from above typical of earlier Netherlandish landscape painting. A more realistic Dutch landscape style developed, seen from ground level, often based on drawings made outdoors, with lower horizons which made it possible to emphasize the often impressive cloud formations that were (and are) so typical in the climate of the region, and which cast a particular light. Favorite subjects were the dunes along the western sea coast, rivers with their broad adjoining meadows where cattle grazed, often with the silhouette of a city in the distance. Winter landscapes with frozen canals and creeks also abounded. The sea was a favorite topic as well since the Holland depended on it for trade, battled with it for new land, and battled on it with competing nations. A different type of landscape, produced throughout the tonal and classical phases, was the romantic Italianate landscape, typically in more mountainous settings than are found in the Netherlands, with golden light, and sometimes picturesque Mediterranean staff age and ruins. a. Sky painting: Philip Koninck(1619-88) An extensive Landscape with a road by a ruin 1655. Oil on canvas, 137. 4167. 3cm London, National Gallery. Koninck’s landscapes are characterized by a high viewpoint and a sky which occupies at least half of the picture space. They are cloudscapes as much as extensive landscapes. He emphasizes the flatness of Holland, a more realistic approach than, for example, that of Aelbert Cuyp, who attempts to make his landscapes more varied by the inclusion of hills and mountains taken from his imagination rather than from his observation of the Dutch countryside. The landscape with a high sky was particularly in favor in the 1650s and 1660s, not just in the work of Koninck, but also in that of Jacob van Ruisdael and also in the etched landscape of Rembrandt. Jacob van Ruisdael (c. 1628-82) View of Haarlem from the Northwest c. 1670. Oil canvas, 4338 cm Like Koninck, he adopts a high viewpoint, devoting more than half the canvas to a cloud-filled sky. Ruisdael was the first painter to render dutch landscape in this manner. In this bird’s-eye view, the bleaching fields near Haarlem are seen from the dunes in the Northwest. The city in the distance is easily recognizable, its profile dominated by the characteristic tower if the church of St. Bavo in the centre, silhouetted against a mass of clouds. In the area around Haarlem, laundries were a familiar sight, places where hundreds of pieces of linen lay in the water and on the grass. To a large extent the prosperity of the city depended on the textile industry in general, and the bleaching fields in particular. In the first half of the seventh century, about a thousand worker s were employed in the bleaching industry, and the product of their labors was universally acclaimed for it whiteness. This painting is an excellent example of the manner in which landscapes painters in the republic were inspired by their surroundings. Jacobs was a native of Haarlem, and in the 1670, he painted at least fifteen similar panoramic view of his native city, which seventeenth-century inventories referred to as â€Å"Haerlempjes† This work displays the dramatic and ominous atmosphere for which Ruisdael’s lanscapes were famous. An impressive, almost menacing back of clouds hanging over the bleaching fields is only sporadically pierced by the bright sunlight. The light travels across the flat land in long, narrow rays, splendidly highlighting the red roofs of the houses in the foreground and the white line hanging from the washing line. Further away, the sunlight is also reflected in the white canvas sails of the windmills and in the section of the closely packed houses of Haarlem in the distance. b. Sea painting: Ludolf Bakhuizen (1631-1708) The Man-of-War Brielle on the Maas near Rotterdam 1689. Oil on canvas, 130x197cm The first generation of Dutch sea painters concentrated almost exclusively on events happening on water, and approach which was revived by a number of later artists, including Bakhuizen In this monumental seascape, Rotterdam, city of merchants, stands on the horizon, and the bustling river traffic with its countless vessels of all types and sizes occupies the foreground. But most important, here on the Maas below Rotterdam is the Brielle, a man of war of the city’s admiralty, under full sail with it stern to the viewer. The impressive silhouette of the ship, shrouded in the shadows cast by clouds, stand out against an illuminated sky. In the foreground fishermen pull in their nets as all the daily activities continues as usual. In the background, above a phosphorescent strip of water, other sections of Rotterdam are visible, including the two gates at the entrance to the Leuvehaven harbor, the town hall, the marine warehouse†¦ Aelbert Cuyp (1620-91) View of Dordrecht c. 1655. Oil on canvas, 97. 8137. 8 cm London, Kenwood House, Iveagh Bequest. Cuyp never visited Italy but he bathed his very Dutch landscapes in a golden Italian sunlight witch sparkles on the water and warms the stones of the buildings. Because his style does not develop significantly his painting are difficult to date but the view of his native town from the river Maas was probably painted in about 1655. The outline of the city is dominated by the profiles of the Groothooftspoort on the left and the squat tower of the Grote Kerk, a familiar landmark in Cuyp’s many views of his home town, to the right. c. Land painting: Aelbert Cuyp(1629-1691) Fishermen on the Frozen River Panel, 57115 The warm southern light which is such a feature of the Italianates’ are landscapes was never more successfully employed in Dutch winter paintings than by the Dordrecht artist Aelbert Cuyp. Several fishermen seen from a low vantage point are hacking at the ice with poles. On the left is a woman in a sleigh drawn by two horses. The low viewpoint lakes the people and animals stand out as silhouettes against the horizon. In the distance, over the horse’s rumps, in the great Church of Dordrecht, this identifies this stretch of water as the River Merwede. Cuyp was one of the first artists who allowed the reflection of the sky on the mirror-smooth ice to play an important part in the composition. The light falling from the left for foreground reflects of the ice, softening the sharp contours of the shadows. As the result of this rather diffuse lighting, the skaters and the richly decorated sleigh drawn by two horses in the distance are only dimly visible, and the hazy atmosphere seems almost palpable. Nicolaes Berchem(1620-1683) A stag hunt Oil on canvas, 49. 4x 77. 5 cm, London, Royal Academy. The subject illustrates the unusually versatility apparent in the Berchem’s oeuvre and it might perhaps be mentioned that the style is not entirely characteristic. In contrast to the timeless air of his Italianate scenes, Berchem here concentrates on a single moment of violent action. The shot of the huntsman reverberates through the scene and the figures with the excited animals surge forward to light on the terrified deer. The whole composition strains upward in a dramatic diagonal culminating in the sweep of the tress. Flickering brush strokes add to the sense of energy and activity. On the left one glimpses the characteristic golden color of the distant landscape. III. Some Hidden Meanings: There are fewer hidden meanings in landscapes than in other genres of Dutch painting but some symbolism is still apparent. Firstly there is the patriotic connection in many 17th century landscapes with recognizably Dutch places and motifs that show an unmistakable pride in the Republic. The windmill’s sails had been associated with Christ’s cross. And they also been illustrated as emblems of fortune, folly, virtue, etc. As well as the use of the quintessentially Dutch windmill, there was also Aelbert Cuyp’s frequent depiction of cows, a possible reference to the very important and famous Dutch milk and cheese industry, and the references made to the new canal systems in the paintings of the 1630s and 1640s. Religion, despite the Calvinist regime, also played an important part in Dutch landscape painting. As well as the religious paintings of the early century, there is also a connection with God in the slightly later naturalistic landscape in that he is ultimate creator of all nature. Mountains in particular have drawn much attention, representing to Calvinists the beauty of God’s creation, while others saw them as a punishment imposed by God on previously flawless world after the fall of man. They also could represent the laborious struggle of life that had to be overcome. Variety in paintings has also been connected to the divine creation by writers like Van Mander who suggest that by subtly varying subject matter, composition, colour and motifs they are nearing the diverse beauty of God’s creation. Another religious theme that becomes more apparent in the latter half of the century is that of Vanitas and transience. Vanitas emphasizes the fleeting and uncertain nature of human life through motifs connected with death, such as cemeteries and skulls, and motifs connected with change such as the turbulent skies in the paintings of Jacob van Ruisdael and various landscapes that depict trees with both fresh and brown leaves, alluding to the passing of time. It is clear then that there is some element of deeper meaning that can be read into some of these seemingly straightforward works.

A Current Crime Prevention Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Current Crime Prevention Program - Essay Example A simple question that can be asked by a layman is why does crime exist? A set of individuals or a certain group of people can answer it very briefly, saying that it exists because criminals commit crimes. But on the other hand another group of individuals can relate it to the law and order of the government. They might have an opinion that because there is a law of everything and as a responsible citizen of the country, a person is bound to abide with that law, so people who de-track from the right path, intentionally or un intentionally commit crimes and become criminals in order to challenge the rules and regulations of their country. The word crime has become a daily part of our lives with every person experiencing it in one way or the other. Every country, every state, every town and every street has become a target for the crime seekers. In order to prevent, overcome or minimize this calamity from our society, the people have to be alert and the local authorities have to be on their toes. (James Q Wilson 1983). Lately Crime prevention programs have been set up by many authorities with collaboration with the local residents. One thing is very clear, that the government or the law enforcing agencies cannot work alone to minimize the effects of crime or criminals in a certain area. They need the help, cooperation and association of the locals. As they are also part of the community so their input and advice matters a lot to the authorities. DISCUSSION Crime has had hold of every part of this world and has spread like an infection across the globe .With street crimes on high, productive preventive measures have to be taken to safeguard the lives of the people. For this purpose many Crime Prevention Units work hard to reduce crime and improve the surrounding areas of the society to be friendly and safe for living. (National Advisory Committee). Their major aim is to improve the quality of living with the help of the local residents of that area by preventing s treet crimes like theft, robbery, bullying, child abuse, burglary, kidnapping, shop lifting and many more. In order to maximize the input and minimize the occurrence of a particular crime the Crime Prevention Units must seek help from the residents, shop owners, famous personalities and make them their co-partners in the prevention of this unethical activity. By doing this, with their collaborators in street it will be much easier to govern the area as they can inform the required department about any crime almost immediately or at the time it is taking place. In this way it’s easy and helpful to safeguard even if the area has a vast expansion. The Crime Prevention specialists, working as their members would deliver and support ever-evolving prevention and safety programs, and maintain close partnerships with organizations and community members. Specialists would work out their strategies that will range from personal safety of a human being to self defense techniques. They w ill try their best to stay aware with the latest residential security practices, and hence process the trends in case of any crime taking place. In this way it will also help them to stay alert of any future un-happenings. ANALYSIS Without the introduction of the Crime Prevention Systems to reduce the street crimes, it would be extremely difficult for the law enforcing authorities to bring the rate of crime under control, plus without the local residents taking part as volunteers in this program the authority may come to a halt in resolving these criminal acts as Businesses and business men would get affected, shopping malls, banks, petrol stations,

Moral Criticisms of the Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Moral Criticisms of the Market - Essay Example Most corporations expressed this through creation of foundations or through the exercise of corporate social responsibility. Business, if led with administrators or managers with benevolence to sustainability not solely for one’s company but also for the welfare of employees, would be able to manage and balance desire for profit also for the good of others and for the community where business is undertaken. But while Ewert argued that this innate selfish precept of human being is inherent to his â€Å"fallen nature†, it cannot be however assailed that selfishness cannot be induced from the environment. Human greed nowadays has already developed into structural forms. Whenever government is corrupt and have misuse the revenue exacted from peoples and from business establishments, the rest of the society are encouraged to adapt to a system that promotes greed and selfish interests. In most nations where corruption is rampant and were done with impunity, its followers also debase its moral standard to fit in with what is expedient and best at a moment.

Effects of Mass Media Essay Example for Free

Effects of Mass Media Essay Media has slowly taken over each America’s life and has an incredible amount of power in the decision process of each American. On a daily basis each American listens to the radio, surfs the internet and watches television. For these same reasons, media possess a large amount influence on a decision made by an American. With all the tools and gadgets today, it is very easy to become influenced by the media. Over the past century there have been many new media developments that have impacted our society; although there have been many, the ones we will focus on are radio, television, and the internet. Radio began in the early nineteen hundreds and soon became very popular between every American. The radio was a mean of learning of news quickly and served the great purpose of entertainment. Also, in the early nineteen hundreds the word television was introduced and the first moving film was televised. This quickly grew and it began to broadcast in black and white. In the middle of the nineteen hundreds, the internet was first introduced to the American government and soon was used to provide efficient communication between government agencies. The radio, television and the internet were all created in the nineteen hundreds and as soon as they were available to the American public, they grew and developed into a large form of communication. In 1912 the radio became a common product found in each American home. Every year after, the radio grew in popularity. One of the biggest impacts to America was the use of the radio during the World War I. In the late nineteen-twenties the first easy to use kinescope tube was created but the image was very poor. In the early nineteen-thirties the first television studios and broadcasting begin to happen and it sky rocketed after that. It has grown so much into American lives that now every household has more than one television. Americans see television for entertainment, education and news purposes on a dai ly basis. In the early nineteen-ninety the first internet browser was created. The internet has impacted Americans in so many ways, to the point that it is now used more than once by every American and it is carried by most in their pockets. Without question, the media has grown tremendously and impacts each America’s life on a daily basis. Media convergences have been a huge facilitator. Media convergence is the way that one devise or tool combines different media types. One of the most common is the cell phones. In almost every phone you can take photos, videos, send text messages, view the internet, play music, check email and use it for its original designed function-to make a phone call. The next commonly used media convergence is the computer. The computer allows you to create different types of documents, presentations, monetary forms and it also allows you to browse the World Wide Web while listening to music and receiving emails. The newest media convergence is tablets. Tablets have the same function of a cell phone and a computer in a compact, lightweight, and portable device. For all the above reasons and with all of the named tools, it is very important to be properly educated about media. Learning how to access, analyze, and evaluate the media is very important when making an everyday decision because we either read something on the internet, watch the television show or hear a commercial on the radio. Not everything that we read, see or hear is accurate. In most cases, we are tricked into believing things by the bias show or commercial that we are watching or hearing. Due to false or head fakes found in the media all schools and educational institutes should provide some form of media literacy education just like math, reading and writing. This may seem a basic or common sense information, but many believe without questions what they see or hear. As the great nation that the United States is, it should properly educate its citizens about media literacy. The internet, television and radio have definitely impacted every American’s life. With the tools like a computer, cell phone or tablet it is very easy to be influenced by the media. Some of the influence coincides with each individuals beliefs and other will clash but this is something that has to be learned how to balance. In addition to personal emotion believes on a subject, a lot of the media will try to trick into believing false statements. It is every America’s duty to make sure that he or she has the proper media knowledge to be able to access it, analyze it and evaluate it before making a decision. References Lule, J. (2012). Exploring Media and Culture (1st ed.). San Francisco, CA: Flat World Knowledge, Inc. Besley, John C. (Summer 2008). Media Use and Human Values: Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly; ProQuest Zil, Karen. (Mar/Apr 2002). Media Literacy: Television meets the Internet; MultiMedia Schools

Michelangelo Buonarroti Essay -- European History Renaissance

Michelangelo Buonarroti There was a time period from 1400 C.E. to 1600 C.E., referred to as the Renaissance. The Renaissance was an age of discovery shown through , architecture, poetry, art, sculpture, and theater based on a Greco-Roman culture. Among the many Renaissance thinkers there was a man named Michelangelo Buonarroti. Michelangelo was an architect, sculptor, painter, poet, and an engineer. He preferred sculpting because he felt he was shaping mankind, which reflected the Renaissance era. The Renaissance encouraged everyone to express their human potential and become a master of their universe. In contrast to the dark middle age ideas of a supernatural orientation to life, the Renaissance encouraged a more natural world and human life orientation. Michelangelo reflected the Renaissance ideals through his works of art; such as, the Sistine Chapel, many sculptures including David and the Pieta, and architecture including Capitoline Hill in Rome. In these forms of art, Michelangelo lived up to being the universal man, which meant developing yourself into an individual genious. Michelangelo reflected the Renaissance in the central panels on the Sistine Chapel ceiling. A particular piece of art showed how Adam and God became members of the same race of super beings, reflecting a mixture of Greek mythology and Christianity. The concept of combining pagan and Christianity is clearly shown in the central panel the Creation of Adam. God’s finger reaching out to Adam is transferring his godly powers to Adam .which depicts the Universal Man. Whereas Medieval art would consider placing man and God as equals to be wickedness, whereas the Renaissance ideal consider art depicting that men as gods was not evil. The Sistine Chapel showed that Michelangelo reflected the Renaissance, because he portrayed his paintings using shadows, boldness, depicting three dimensional objects. Causing the characters on the ceiling to come alive. In contrast to the Medieval age, art consisted of dull, flat without shadow or dimension. The Renaissance created an era where artists could express themselves through lively art. Art during the pre-renaissance era, the Medieval age, was greatly influenced by the Catholic Church forbidding nudity and/or equality between God and man. Michelangelo challenged the church by depicting his work in the nude, yet idolizing God. During the... ...hree dimensional, bold art that depicted man as real and as an god in his own right. . Michelangelo accomplished portraying the Renaissance era as a Greco-Roman culture of art along with the blessings of the Catholic church. The bleak formless Medieval art forms were gladly replaced by Michelangelo’s works of art. BIBLIOGRAPHY Kleiner, Tansey. Gardner’s Art Through The Ages Tenth Edition II Renaissance And Modern Art. Florida: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1996 Ventura, Piero. Michelangelo’s World. Canada: Milan 1989 Cumming, Robert. Great Artists The Lives of 50 Painters Explored Through Their Work. New York : DK Publishing, 1998 Britain Express. "Medieval Architecture and Art". 30 Dec. 2002 This Website is valid because the website states : Students researching articles in our History section have asked about the credentials of David Ross for citing purposes. Credentials include: BA in English History (Memorial University, 1979) Author of "The Essntial Traveler's Companion to Medieval England" (1066 Publishing, 1996) Kren, Emil. â€Å"Creation of Adam†. 12 Jan. 2003 This Website is valid because it had its own sources which it got its information from.

Is it Right for the Government to Accept the Fine Now? Essay

The notion of free will is important when deciding whether the government should accept the fine now or later. Free will suggests that human beings are autonomous and are therefore free to decide how to live their lives. This includes decisions, such as John’s, about whether to speed drive or not. However, the governmental officials are human as well and therefore also possess free will. If John is considered a free agent capable of being free than it must also be assumed that government officials, also free agents, are also capable of being free. One caveat that accompanies free will is moral responsibility. Ultimately, this is what this entire case centers on. Is it right for the government to accept the fine before John commits a speed driving offense? This question will explored further as it relates to free will as well as how it relates to personal identity and mind body ideas. The government does not have the right to accept the fine prior to the speed driving offense. Whether or not it is known that John will speed drive tomorrow is not really the issue in this case. The issue is that the government should not accept that a person is going to commit a crime and accept a fine for it before it occurs but rather the government should rely on their sense of free will in order to stop the crime from happening in the first place. The capacity for the government to have free will also means that the government has a moral responsibility to society to ensure that John does not speed drive tomorrow. Further, if John is going to disappear forever after he speed drives anyway, is it really necessary to accept the fine and hope that this punishment deters John in the future? The mind body principle emphasizes that all human beings have a physical body as well as the capacity to think, feel and remember. This idea is connected to the idea of free will because human beings go beyond their biological characteristics to become creatures who want certain things, hate certain things and think about certain things in different ways. Therefore, there is a scientific reason that can explain why John may choose to speed tomorrow just as there is a scientific reason why the government may choose to accept the fine before the crime. Similarly, there are also internal reasons why these choices may be made that have more to do with feelings and thoughts than biological processes. This is the heart of Descartes famous phrase, â€Å"I think, therefore I am. † In other words, the way that human beings choose to operate and conduct themselves are direct results of the ability to think. This brings up a very important point with regards to punishing John for a future event. Perhaps John will use his mind to decide that his moral responsibility entails his decision to not speed after all. If John decides that his capacity for free will obligates him to refrain from speeding, then the government would be wrong in their acceptance of a fine before the crime was committed. Finally, philosophical behaviorists believe that human beings rely on their minds to behave in reaction to their physical environment. If this is the case, then John may still change his mind about speeding, but more likely John will go ahead and speed in response to the physical environment that accepted a fine for a future crime. In other words, John will go ahead and speed because he had already been punished for the crime so nothing was stopping him from doing it. Under personal identity theories, Thomas Reid suggests that just because human beings have the capacity to remember events does not mean that these events happened to them. Further, he suggests that if human beings cannot remember something that happened a week ago, does this mean they have become another person? This has direct relevance to this case because it can be assumed that if the government knows someone is planning to commit a crime they can get the punishment out of the way before the crime is even committed. This brings up a larger issue. Will punishing humans before they commit a crime truly deter them from that future crime or will it produce a drastic change in society based on the notion that if punishment has already been served then the crime is an accepted part of society? While it is certainly logical to conclude that punishing someone before the crime occurs may produce a safer society, it is also logical to conclude that this type of justice system will create a crime laden distrustful society. For example, if the government finds out that John will be speeding in order to find his next victim to murder they may lock him in prison before the crime can occur. This will, conceivably, produce a safer society. However, it will, at the same time, create a society where human beings accept criminal activity provided that punishment is handed down before the crime. Ultimately, the government has no right to punish John for a speeding offense that will occur tomorrow. Personal identity is important here because it provides an outlet for John to make a different decision and obey the posted speed limit after all. In the end, the government could hand down a fine for a future speeding offense, but would this truly deter any future crime? The most logical answer is no because without punishing the mind of the criminal, then the punishment ultimately means very little. The capacity to have free will means that John is unlikely to change his behavior even if he is punished. Further, just because John will disappear after he speeds does not mean he ceases to exist just because this government can no longer see him. John will continue to exist in another place and his mind will ensure him that if he pays his fine for speeding then that offense will be accepted and he will be welcome to speed whenever he wants to. According to the idea of free will, the government would be more successful if they were to teach John why he should not speed and provide him with compelling reasons to refrain from doing so. John’s internal human desire to please those in authority would win out thus being more effective in curbing the potential for speeding behavior. Finally, free will does not mean John is allowed to speed nor does it mean that the government can punish John before he speeds. It does mean that John is free to drive wherever and whenever he wants to but the government is free to punish him if he does not obey the rules of the road.

I Am Famous, Therefore I Am - 1044 Words

â€Å"Far from empowering the viewer – much less the contestant – what these [reality] shows ultimately accomplish is the act of dehumanizing society so that the lowest common denominator is held up as the greatest possible accomplishment† (Sexton). While Timothy Sextons scathing comments about reality television may be a bit extreme, they are based on commonly held beliefs that reality television is abominable and will be (or is already becoming) the downfall of our society as a whole. Reality television may not be the most intellectual form of entertainment available, but I believe that the shift in societal norms from idol-worship to self-promotion has created an environment in which reality televisions takeover is the only natural†¦show more content†¦Why is this pattern of behavior so appealing and pervasive? Because that schedule is the same for everyone from the girl next door all the way up to Kim Kardashian, and it creates a kind of one-sided bonding. The people following celebrities online start to notice a trend. Kim Kardashian had an onion bagel for breakfast, and so did they. She loved the new episode of American Idol, and so did they. If over eight million people want to hear about every little thing that she does, they it stands to reason that they would want to hear about every little thing that you do, too. These â€Å"...changing attitudes toward privacy and self-expression† are the norm in todays world. â€Å"If you grew up with reality TV and the Internet, your default setting is publicity, not privacy.† (Poniewozik). It is this level of celebrity accessibility which leads to the lowering of standards of what exactly constitutes a celebrity. â€Å"Certainly in a celebrity-saturated society we’re more likely not only to be obsessed with the rich and famous, but also to suffer from the pangs of fame-hunger ourselves† (Eichelberger). Reality television is such a spectacular medium to s atisfy this hunger because it combines the two extremes of celebrity and average Joe. You can follow famous people at home (a la Newlyweds or the new Ice Loves Coco), and you can watch regular people rise to their own fame (Jon Kate, American Idol). So are reality showsShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Main Factors For Achieving Happiness?904 Words   |  4 Pagesare the main factors in achieving happiness? I often think of these questions and ask to myself. With the emphasis on the quality of life, the majority of people are always aspiring to live happily, so people are doing their best to achieve happiness. However, happiness is defined variously by each person. Moreover, diverse factors have a direct or indirect influence on achieving happiness and sometimes people cannot predict factors. 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